Database: Add support for `LIKE`-escaped tables in `::get_table_from_query()`.

The `SHOW TABLES LIKE` query can be used to search for tables that match a pattern, `wp\_123\_%`, for example. While this isn't the name of an actual table, the `wp_123_` prefix can be used by database drop-ins to direct the query correctly. This change removes the escaping and `%` modifier, to provide this usable prefix.

Props andy, pento.
Fixes #38751.


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git-svn-id: https://core.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@39215 1a063a9b-81f0-0310-95a4-ce76da25c4cd