Update the "Uploaded to this post" filter view when uploading new files.

* Add an Attachments collection filter for uploadedTo (post_parent).
* Correct an erroneous map from the non-existent parent prop to post_parent.
* Define default menuOrder and uploadedTo props for uploading attachments.
* Unify filterable props into a single method (improving validation performance for calls to set with multiple properties).

Props koopersmith
fixes #22654


git-svn-id: https://core.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@22951 1a063a9b-81f0-0310-95a4-ce76da25c4cd