Date/Time: Make sure `wp_date()` does not unnecessarily escape localized...

Date/Time: Make sure `wp_date()` does not unnecessarily escape localized numbers, but keeps localized slashes.

Props Rarst, tmatsuur, remcotolsma, peterwilsoncc.
Reviewed by peterwilsoncc.
Fixes #48319.
Built from https://develop.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@46569


git-svn-id: https://core.svn.wordpress.org/trunk@46366 1a063a9b-81f0-0310-95a4-ce76da25c4cd