Fixed #21389 -- Accept most valid language codes

By removing the 'supported' keyword from the detection methods and only relying
on a cached settings.LANGUAGES, the speed of said methods has been improved;
around 4x raw performance. This allows us to stop checking Python's incomplete
list of locales, and rely on a less restrictive regular expression for
accepting certain locales.

HTTP Accept-Language is defined as being case-insensitive, based on this fact
extra performance improvements have been made; it wouldn't make sense to
check for case differences.